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Once soil is completely wetted, any more water will move downward, or percolate, carrying with it clay, humus and nutrients, primarily cations, out of the range of plant roots and result in acid soil conditions. In order of decreasing solubility, the leached nutrients are:
- Calcium
- Magnesium, Sulfur, Potassium; depending upon soil composition
- Nitrogen; usually little, unless nitrate fertiliser was applied recently
- Phosphorus; very little as its forms in soil are of low solubility.
In the United States percolation water due to rainfall ranges from zero inches just east of the Rocky Mountains to twenty or more inches in the Appalachian Mountains and the north coast of the Gulf of Mexico.